DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14483/22484728.9908Publicado:
2014-12-28Número:
Vol. 8 Núm. 2 (2014)Sección:
Visión ActualSpintronics: bacis principles and applications
Palabras clave:
Spintronics, Spin relaxation, Spin valve (es).Descargas
Resumen (es)
Spintronics often referred to the study of electron spins. This paper presents an overview of this theory and the basic physical principles that account for the behavior of the electron spins. The first part is focuses on the physical principles by which to generate spin-polarized currents, spin dynamics and transport in semiconductors. The second part presents some practical applications, such as: spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions, which are currently being developed and focus the expectation of memory and information storage future devices.
Referencias
N. F. Mott, “ The electrical conductivity of transition metals” . Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A., 153 (1936a) 699–717.
N. F. Mott, “ The resistance and thermoelectric properties
of the transition metals” . Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A., 156 (1936b) 368–382.
I. A. Campbell, A. Fert & A. R. Pomeroy, “ Evidence for two current conduction iron” , Philos. Mag., 15 (1967) 977–983.
I.A. Campbell & A. Fert, “Transport properties of ferromagnets” , Ferromagnetic Materials: A Handbook on the Properties of Magnetically Ordered Substances, vol. 3, North-Holland (1982), p. 747
S. Senoussi, I.A. Campbell & A. Fert, “ Evidence for local orbital moments on Ni and Co impurities in Pd” . Solid State Communications, 21 (3) (1977) 269-271.
A. Fert & I. A. Campbell, “Two-current conduction in nickel” . Physical Review Letters, 21 (1968) 1190–1192.
A. Hamzi´c, S. Senoussi, I.A. Campbell & A. Fert, “ Orbital magnetism of transition metal impurities in platinum” . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 15–18 (1980) 921-922.
A. Hamz´c, S. Senoussi, I.A. Campbell & A. Fert, “ The extraordinary hall effect in dilute Pd based alloys” . Original Solid State Communications, 26 (1978) 617-619.
T. Valet & A. Fert, “ Theory of the perpendicular magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers” . Physic Review B, 48 (1993) 7099–7113.
A. Fert, A. Barth´el´emy, P. Galtier, P. Holody, R. Loloee, R. Morel, F. P´etroff, P. Schroeder, L.B. Steren, & T. Valet., “ Giant magnetoresistance in magnetic nanostructures” . Materials Science and Engineering B., 31 (1995) 1-9
T. Valet & A. Fert., “ Classical theory of perpendicular giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers” . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 121 (1993) 378-382
B. T. Jonker & M. E. Flatt´e, “ Electrical Spin injection and transport in semicoductors” , En: D. L. Mills & J. A. C. Bland (Editores), Contemporary Concepts of Condensed Matter Science, Vol 1, Elsevier (2006) 227–272.
D.D. Awschalom & M.E. Flatt´e, “ Challenges for semiconductor spintronics” . Nat. Phys., 3 (2007) 153.
J.-M. Tang, J. Levy, & M. E. Flatt´e, “ All-electrical control of single ion spins in a semiconductor” . Physical Review Letters, 97 (2006) 106803.
M. E. Flatt´e & G. Vignale, “ Heterostructure unipolar spin transistors” . Journal of Applied Physics, 97 (2005) 104508.
S. Datta & B. Das, “ Electronic Analog of the Electro-Optic Modulator” . Journal of Applied Physics Letters, 56 (1990) 665.
S. Datta, “ Quantum devices” . Superlattices and Microstructures, 6 (1989) 83-93
S Datta, K.P Roenker, M.M Cahay & William E Stanchina., “ Implications of hole vs electron transport properties for high speed Pnp heterojunction bipolar transistors” . Solid-State Electronics, 43
(1999) 73-79
R.L. Gunshor, N. Otsuka, M. Yamanishi, L.A. Kolodziejski, T.C. Bonsett, R.B. Bylsma, S. Datta, W.M. Becker & J.K. Furdyna “ Diluted magnetic semiconductor superlattices” . Journal of Crystal
Growth, 72 (1985) 294-298
F. Zahid, M. Paulsson & S. Datta., “ Electrical Conduction
through Molecules” , En: H. Morkoc (editor), Advanced Semiconductor and Organic Nano-Techniques, Academic Press (2003) 1-41.
S. Datta, J.K. Furdyna & R.L. Gunshor “ Diluted magnetic semiconductor superlattices and heterostructures” . Superlattices and Microstructures, 1 (1985) 327-334.
G. Schmidt, et al., “ Fundamental obstacle for electrical spin injection from a ferromagnetic metal into a diffusive semiconductor” . Physics Review B, 62 (2000) 4790.
G. Schmidt, G. M¨uller, L.W. Molenkamp, M. Behet, J. De Boeck & P. Panissod, “ Cobalt contacts on indium arsenide” . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 198–199 (1999) 134-136
H. Ohno, et al., “ (Ga,Mn)As: A new diluted magnetic semiconductor based on GaAs” , Applied Physics Letters, 69 (1996) 363.
F Matsukura, E Abe, Y Ohno & H Ohno., “ Molecular beam epitaxy of GaSb with high concentration of Mn” . Applied Surface Science, 159–160 (2000) 265-269.
T Omiya, F Matsukura, A Shen, Y Ohno, H Ohno., “ Magnetotransport properties of (Ga,Mn)As grown on GaAs (4 1 1) A substrates” Physica E: Lowdimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 10 (2001) 206-209
E Abe, F Matsukura, H Yasuda, Y Ohno & H Ohno, “ Molecular beam epitaxy of III–V diluted magnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)Sb” . Physica E: Lowdimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 7 (2000) 981-985.
Y Ohno, I Arata, F Matsukura, H Ohno, D.K Young, B Beschoten & D.D Awschalom “ Electrical spin injection in ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic semiconductor heterostructures” . Physica E: Lowdimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 10 (2001) 489-492.
I. I. Mazin, “ How to Define and Calculate the Degree of Spin Polarization in Ferromagnets” . Physical Review Letters, 83 (1999) 1427.
I.I. Mazin & V.P. Antropov, “ Electronic structure, electron–phonon coupling, and multiband effects in MgB2” . Physica C: Superconductivity, 385 (2003) 49-65
N. F. Mott, “ Electrons in transition metals” . Advances
in Physics, 13 (1964) 325-422
J. Stephens, J. Berezovsky, J. P. McGuire, L. J. Sham, A. C. Gossard, & D. D. Awschalom, “ Spin accumulation in forward-biased MnAs/GaAs Schottky diodes” . Physics Review Letters, 93 (2004) 097602
G.A. Osborne, B.D. Bird, P.J. Stephens, J.J. Duffield & A. Abu-Shumays., “ Magnetic circular dichroism of the LiF F center” . Solid State Communications, 9 (1971) 33-36.
P.J. Stephens, “ Excited state magnetic moments thorugh moment analysis of magnetic circular dichroism” . Chemical Physics Letters, 2 (1968) 241-244.
B. Dieny, V.S. Speriosu, S. Metin, S.S.P. Parkin, B.A. Gurney, P. Baumgart & D.R. Wilhoit, “ Magnetotransport properties of magnetically soft spin-valve structures” . Journal of Applied Physics, 69 (1991) 4774-4779.
B. Dieny, A. Vedyayev, & N. Ryzhanova, “ Comparison of semi-classical and real-space quantum theories of giant magnetoresistance” . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 121 (1993) 366-370
E. Ganshina, A. Granovsky, B. Dieny, M. Kumaritova & A. Yurasov, “ Magnetooptical spectra of discontinuous multilayers Co/SiO2 with tunnel magnetoresistance” . Physica B: Condensed Matter, 299 (2001) 260-264.
A. Vedyayev, B. Dieny, N. Ryzhanova & J.B. Genin, “ Quantum singularities in the angular dependence of giant magnetoresistance in ultrathin ferromagnetic sandwiches” . Physics Letters A, 185 (1994) 117-122.
J. Filippi, B. Barbara, B. Dieny, & M. Maeder, “Transverse ac susceptibility of the random anisotropy system a-DyNi” . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 83 (1990) 163-164.
B. Dieny, A. Granovsky, A. Vedyaev, N. Ryzhanova, C. Cowache, L.G. Pereira., “ Recent results on the giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers (anisotropy, thermal variation and CCP-GMR)” . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 151 (1995) 378-387.
A. Vedyayev, N. Ryzhanova & B. Dieny, “ Quantum effects in the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) of magnetic multilayers” . Physical A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 241 (1997) 207-215.
B. Dieny, “ Giant magnetoresistance in spin-valve multilayers” . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 136 (1994) 335-359.
N. Ryzhanova, C. Lacroix, A. Vedyayev, D. Bagrets & B. Dieny, “ Andreev reflection in superconducting/spin-valve sandwiches” . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 226–230 (2001) 750-751.
A. Vedyayev, B. Mevel, N. Ryzhanova, M. Tshiev, B. Dieny, A. Chamberod & F. Brouers., “ Quantum statistical theory of giant magnetoresistance in magnetic heterogeneous alloys” . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 164 (1996) 91-98.
V. Baltz, S. Landis, B. Rodmacq & B. Dieny., “ Multilevel magnetic media in continuous and patterned films with out-of-plane magnetization” . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, (2) (2005) 1286-1289.
Hartmann, U. “ Magnetic Multilayers and Giant Magnetoresistance: Fundamentals and Industrial
Applications” . Springer: Berlin, Germany (1999).
S.S.P. Parkin, R.E. Fontana & A.C. Marley, “ Lowfield
magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions prepared by contact masks and lithography: 25% magnetoresistance at 295 K in mega-ohm micronsized junctions” . Journal Applied Physics, 81 (1997) 5521-5521.
S. van Dijken, X. Jiang & S.S.P. Parkin, “ Magnetic Tunnel Transistor” , Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, (2006) 1-6
R.F.C. Farrow, R.F. Marks, A. Cebollada, G.R. Harp, T.A. Rabedeau, M.F. Toney, D. Weller & S.S.P. Parkin, “ Magnetic superlattices: molecular beam epitaxial growth and properties of artificially and naturally-layered structures” . Journal of Crystal
Growth, 150 (1995) 1126-1131.
Y.Y. Huang, G.P. Felcher & S.S.P. Parkin, “ Antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic order in Co/Rumultilayers” . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 99 (1991) L31-L38
S.S.P. Parkin, E.A. Marseglia & P.J. Brown, “Polarized neutron study of Mn14;TaS2: Observation of conduction electron spin polarisation” . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 31–34 (1983) 1207-1208.
S.S.P. Parkin, “ Giant magnetoresistance in magnetic
multilayers and granular alloys” . Materials Letters, 20 (1994) 1-4.
D.M. Edwards, J. Mathon, R.B. Muniz & S.S.P. Parkin, “ Dependence of the giant magnetoresistance in Co/Cu multilayers on layer thickness” . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 114 (1992) 252-254.
B. Dieny, V.S. Speriosu, B.A. Gurney, S.S.P. Parkin, D.R. Wilhoit, K.P. Roche, S. Metin, D.T. Peterson, S. Nadimi, “ Spin-valve effect in soft ferromagnetic sandwiches” . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 93 (1991) 101-104.
Michael, Z., Martin, J.T. (Eds) Spin Electronics: Lecture Notes in Physics. Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2001.
R. Ferreira, P. Wisniowski, P.P. Freitas, J. Langer, B. Ocker & W. Maass, “Tuning of MgO barrier magnetic tunnel junction bias current for picotesla magnetic field detection” . Journal Applied Physics, 99 (2006) 08K706:1-08K706:3.
.png)
.jpg)
