DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14483/22487638.21867Publicado:
31-12-2025Número:
Vol. 29 Núm. 86 (2025): Octubre - DiciembreSección:
RevisiónElectrocoagulation as an Emerging Technology for Wastewater Treatment in Different Industries: A Review
Electrocoagulación como tecnología emergente al tratamiento de las aguas residuales en distintas industrias: una revisión
Palabras clave:
Wastewater, electrocoagulation, quality properties, operating parameters, optimal conditions, electrocoagulation systems (en).Palabras clave:
Aguas residuales, electrocoagulación, propiedades de calidad, parámetros operativos, condiciones óptimas, sistemas de electrocoagulación (es).Descargas
Resumen (en)
The electrocoagulation (EC) technique has been considered a popular treatment alternative for the effective separation of organic and inorganic contaminants. This technique generates coagulating particles in situ through the electrolysis of a sacrificial anode that destabilizes suspended, dissolved, or emulsified contaminants in a liquid medium by inducing an electric field. EC has been widely studied due to its versatility, ease of installation, lower cost, and for being an environmentally friendly technology. For this article, a search and information-gathering phase was conducted in which Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were identified as the necessary tools for locating information on the electrocoagulation process as a wastewater treatment in various industries. This paper reviews studies on advances in EC applied to different types of industrial wastewater, focusing on evaluating the operating variables and optimal treatment conditions that are vital to the process. Likewise, the effect of the electrocoagulation on the quality properties of wastewater from different sectors is examined, considering factors such as current density, pH, reactor geometry, treatment time, and electrode spacing.
Objective: To determine the effect of the electrocoagulation process on the quality properties of wastewater from various industries as a function of physicochemical and geometric parameters.
Methodology: A search and information-gathering phase was carried out using Scopus, Sciencedirect, and Google Scholar as the main sources. Subsequently, a scientific monitoring study was conducted following a methodology structured in four stages: planning, research, analysis, and competitive intelligence. Additionally, a literature review was conducted to identify needs and select keywords focused on the electrocoagulation process as a wastewater treatment technology in various industries.
Results: The review revealed that wastewater treatment removal efficiency is achieved by removing one or more of its components in whole or in part, depending on the initial or inlet organic load. The main parameters evaluated were Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), color, turbidity, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), and oil and grease content. Several studies have concluded that, under optimal treatment conditions, electrocoagulation can achieve approximately 90% removal of the pollutant loads in wastewater from diverse industrial sectors.
Conclusions: The review showed that electrocoagulation technology is a highly effective alternative for treating a wide variety of industrial effluents containing pollutants that cannot be effectively removed by conventional treatment methods. In addition, more research is needed to study the impact of new organic coagulant-assisted processes, reactor designs, electrode configuration, electrocoagulation mechanisms, processing conditions and electrode dissolution phenomena, in order to obtain greater removal and improvement in the treatment process.
Financing: The project was financed through the National Fund for Science, Technology, and Innovation of the General System of Royalties (Bank of National Investment Programs and Projects), the University of Sucre and the PADES group, within the framework of the project "Technological strengthening of the Colombian Caribbean region through the development of transformation processes of starchy raw materials (cassava, yams and sweet potatoes) in the department of Sucre", identified with the BPIN code 2020000100035.
Resumen (es)
La técnica de electrocoagulación (EC) se ha considerado una alternativa popular de tratamiento para la separación eficaz de contaminantes orgánicos e inorgánicos. Está técnica genera partículas coagulantes in situ mediante la electrolisis de un ánodo de sacrificio que desestabiliza los contaminantes suspendidos, disueltos o emulsionados en un medio líquido mediante la inducción de un campo eléctrico. La EC ha sido estudiada ampliamente debido a su versatilidad, facilidad de instalación, menor costo y por ser una tecnología amigable con el medio ambiente. Para la elaboración de este documento se realizó una fase de búsqueda y captación de información, en la cual se identificaron las herramientas de Scopus, Sciencedirect y Google Scholar como las herramientas necesarias para la búsqueda de información sobre el proceso de electrocoagulación como tecnología de tratamiento de aguas residuales en diversas industrias. En este documento, se han revisado estudios sobre los avances de la EC en varios tipos de aguas residuales en distintas industrias donde se han evaluado las variables operativas y condiciones óptimas de tratamiento que son vitales para el proceso de electrocoagulación. Asimismo, se establece el efecto del proceso de electrocoagulación sobre las propiedades de calidad de aguas residuales de las diferentes industrias, teniendo en cuenta los diversos parámetros que afectan al sistema, como densidad de corriente, el pH, la geometría del reactor, el tiempo de tratamiento y distancia entre los electrodos.
Objetivo: conocer el efecto del proceso de electrocoagulación sobre las propiedades de calidad de aguas residuales provenientes de diversas industrias en función de parámetros fisicoquímicos y geométricos. Metodología: se realizó una fase de búsqueda y captación de información, en la cual se identificaron las bases de dato Scopus, Sciencedirect y Google Scholar como las principales fuentes para la búsqueda de información. Posteriormente, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para identificar necesidades y seleccionar palabras claves enfocadas al proceso de electrocoagulación como tecnología de tratamiento de aguas residuales en diversas industrias.
Resultados: durante la revisión, se encontró que la eficiencia de eliminación del tratamiento de aguas residuales se logra eliminando uno o más de sus componentes en su totalidad o en parte, en función de la carga orgánica inicial o, de entrada. Los principales parámetros evaluados fueron Demanda Química de Oxígeno (DQO), Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno (DBO), sólidos suspendidos totales (SST), color, turbidez, carbono orgánico total (COT), contenido de aceite y grasa. Lo que llevó a que varios estudios concluyeran que en condiciones óptimas de tratamiento se logra una remoción efectiva de aproximadamente el 90% de la carga contaminante de las aguas residuales en diversas industrias.
Conclusiones: la revisión demostró que la tecnología de electrocoagulación ha sido una gran alternativa aplicada con éxito para el tratamiento de una amplia variedad de efluentes industriales que contienen contaminantes, los cuales no pueden ser eliminados de manera efectiva mediante métodos de tratamiento convencionales. Se evidenció también la necesidad de abarcar más investigaciones para estudiar el impacto de los nuevos procesos asistidos con coagulantes orgánicos, diseños de reactores, configuración de los electrodos, los mecanismos de electrocoagulación, las condiciones de procesamiento y los fenómenos de disolución de los electrodos, con el propósito de obtener una mayor eliminación y mejora en el proceso de tratamiento.
Financiamiento: el proyecto fue financiado a través del Fondo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación del Sistema General de Regalías (Banco de Programas y Proyectos de Inversión Nacional), la Universidad de Sucre y el grupo PADES en el marco del proyecto "Fortalecimiento tecnológico de la región Caribe colombiana a través del desarrollo de procesos de transformación de materias primas amiláceas (yuca, ñame y batata) en el departamento de Sucre", identificado con el código BPIN 2020000100035.
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