DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14483/22487638.20052Publicado:
2023-10-12Número:
Vol. 27 Núm. 77 (2023): Julio - SeptiembreSección:
RevisiónÍndices de calidad y contaminación del agua: una revisión bibliográfica
Water quality indices (WQI) and contamination indices (WPI) a bibliographic review
Palabras clave:
surface water, groundwater, pollution Index (WPI), Water Quality Index (WQI), physicochemical parameters (en).Palabras clave:
agua superficial, agua subterránea, Índice de contaminación (ICO), Índice de Calidad del Agua (ICA), parámetros fisicoquímicos (es).Descargas
Resumen (es)
Contexto: las fuentes de agua superficiales son el recurso fundamental en toda actividad o proceso de desarrollo, pues su eje representa un interés de interés. No obstante, las actividades antropogénicas han generado un deterioro de los cuerpos de agua, alterando considerablemente sus propiedades, las características fisicoquímicas y microbiológica, las cuales son los indicadores fundamentales de los niveles de contaminación en la dinámica de los cuerpos hídricos. A nivel individual, estos cuerpos hídricos solo presentan una idea de su concentración en las muestras
analizadas, por lo que para tener una evaluación de la calidad del lecho se debe integrar estas variables a través de Indicadores de Calidad e Indicadores de contaminación (ICA e ICO) en sistemas loticos, lenticos y subterráneos.
Metodología: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en la base de datos y plataforma digital sciencedirect, utilizando como criterio de búsqueda la frase “water quality index and pollution index”. Este patrón de búsqueda se aplicó a las palabras claves de los artículos consultados. Se seleccionaron los documentos más relevantes de los últimos 10 años, con los cuales se procedió a realizar la revisión.
Resultados: la forma más común de caracterizar el agua es a través de determinar sus parámetros fisicoquímicos y analizarlos con valores los máximos que son permitidos nacional e internacionalmente. Así pues, los Índices de Calidad del Agua y los Índices de Contaminación se convierten en métodos útiles, pues tienen un uso simple y práctico que ayuda a identificar problema relacionado con los niveles de concentración que varían en los cuerpos loticos, lenticos y subterráneos. En esta investigación, se presentan los ICA e ICO más usados en la revisión bibliográfica y se establece que los países donde más investigación se realizaron es China, India, Brasil, Nigeria e Indonesia.
Conclusiones: los índices de calidad del agua y el índice de contaminación se han implementado de manera reiterativa en los últimos años en varios países del mundo con el objetivo de evaluar la calidad de cuerpos de agua tanto superficial (ríos, lagos, mares) como subterráneas. De igual manera, se han desarrollado nuevos índices a partir de algunos ICA existentes.
Resumen (en)
Context: surface water sources are the fundamental resource in any activity or development process as an axis of interest for their use. However, anthropogenic activities have deteriorated bodies of water, considerably altering their properties, physicochemical and microbiological characteristics, which are the fundamental indicators of contamination levels in the dynamics of water bodies. At an individual level, they only represent an idea of their concentration in the analyzed samples. Therefore, to assess the quality of the bed, these variables must be integrated through Quality Indicators and Contamination Indicators (WQI and WPI) in lotic, lentic, and underground systems.
Methodoly: a bibliographic review was carried out in the Sciencedirect database and digital platform, using the phrase “water quality index and pollution index” as search criteria. This search pattern was applied to the keywords of the articles consulted. The most relevant documents of the last 10 years were selected, with which the review was performed.
Results: the most common way to characterize water involves determining its physicochemical parameters and analyzing them against national or international maximum permissible values. This process transforms Water Quality Indices and Pollution Indices into useful methods with a simple and practical applications, helping to identify problems related to the concentration levels that vary in lotic, lentic, and underground bodies. This research presents the most frequently used WQIand WPI based on the bibliographic review, revealing that the countries where more research has been conducted are China, India, Brazil, Nigeria, and Indonesia.
Conclusions: the water quality indices and contamination index have been repeatedly implemented in recent years in various countries around the world with the aim of evaluating the quality of both surface (rivers, lakes, seas) and groundwater (water streams). Similarly, new indices have been developed from some existing WQI.
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