Published:

2026-05-18

Issue:

Vol. 22 No. 2 (2025)

Section:

Research and Development

Validación Escala Sobre Seguridad Y Privacidad Digital Para Universitarios

Digital Security And Privacy Scale Validation For University Students

VALIDAÇÃO DA ESCALA DE SEGURANÇA E PRIVACIDADE DIGITAL PARA ESTUDANTES UNIVERSITÁRIOS

Authors

Keywords:

university student, internet, measurement, social media, data protection (en).

Keywords:

estudiante universitario, internet, medición, medios sociales, protección de datos (es).

Keywords:

estudante universitário, internet, medição, redes sociais, proteção de dados (pt).

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Abstract (es)

En este documento se describe el proceso de diseño y validación de la escala de percepción titulada SEPID, creada para medir la seguridad y privacidad digital en estudiantes universitarios. La escala tipo Likert desarrollada contiene cuatro dimensiones: actitud hacia la gestión de la seguridad y privacidad, medidas preventivas de privacidad, medidas preventivas de seguridad y eventos vividos en contra de la integridad a su identidad digital. Se aplicó a 539 estudiantes inscritos en tres universidades públicas mexicanas. Seos resultados, se o realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) para determinar su validez. Como parte de lbtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 0.747 y un índice Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) de 0.838 global para las cuatro subescalas. La versión final contiene 22 ítems agrupados en cuatro factores. La escala SEPID cuenta con un nivel aceptable de confiabilidad y validez para medir la seguridad y privacidad digital en estudiantes universitarios.

Abstract (en)

This paper describes the design and validation of the SEPID scale, developed to assess digital security and privacy perception among university students. This Likert-type instrument comprises four dimensions: attitudes toward security and privacy management, privacy preventive measures, security preventive measures, and adverse events affecting digital identity integrity. The study surveyed 539 students enrolled in three Mexican public universities. Both Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted to establish validity. Results yielded a global Cronbach’s alpha of 0.747 and a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index of 0.838 across the subscales. The final version consists of 22 items grouped into four factors. Consequently, the SEPID scale demonstrates acceptable reliability and validity for assessing digital security and privacy in university students.

Abstract (pt)

Este documento descreve o processo de concepção e validação da escala de percepção SEPID, criada para mensurar segurança e privacidade digital entre estudantes universitários. A escala do tipo Likert desenvolvida contém quatro dimensões: atitude em relação à gestão de segurança e privacidade, medidas de prevenção à privacidade, medidas de prevenção à segurança e experiências que ameaçaram a integridade de sua identidade digital. Ela foi aplicada a 539 estudantes matriculados em três universidades públicas mexicanas. Análises fatoriais exploratória (AFE) e confirmatória (AFC) foram realizadas para determinar sua validade. Os resultados apresentaram um alfa de Cronbach de 0,747 e um índice Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) geral de 0,838 para as quatro subescalas. A versão final contém 22 itens agrupados em quatro fatores. A escala SEPID demonstra um nível aceitável de confiabilidade e validade para mensurar segurança e privacidade digital em estudantes universitários.

Author Biographies

Carlos Arturo Torres Gastelú, Universidad Veracruzana

PhD in Administrative Sciences, graduated from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), with a Master of Science in Computer Science from the Arturo Rosenblueth Foundation and a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science from the Technological Institute of Orizaba in Veracruz, Mexico. He received honorable mention for his doctoral and master's thesis defenses, as well as automatic graduation based on his GPA at the bachelor's level

He was awarded the Alfonso Caso Silver Medal for being the most distinguished graduate of the Doctoral Program in Administrative Sciences at UNAM in 2006. Since 2008, he has held the PROMEP (Program for the Improvement of Higher Education) recognition as a Professor with a Desirable Profile. He has been a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) of CONACyT (National Council of Science and Technology) since 2014, currently holding Level 2 status. In 2016, he received the Drago Latina Award from the University of La Laguna, Tenerife - Canary Islands, Spain, for the high number of citations of one of his articles published in the renowned Revista Latina de Comunicación Social (RLCS).

He has 36 years of professional experience: 13 years in the business sector and 28 in academia. In the business sector, he has worked as a Programmer Analyst, Project Manager, Head of Data Center, Systems Administrator (System Manager), and IT Manager. In academia, he is a Full-Time Professor at the School of Management of the Universidad Veracruzana. He has served as Academic Group Coordinator, Coordinator of the Systems Department, Coordinator of the Research Methodology Department, and Head of Tutoring Groups.

He teaches at the undergraduate, master's, and doctoral levels at the Universidad Veracruzana. He has taught in all undergraduate programs at the Faculty of Administration. At the master's level, he has taught in Quality Management (MGC), Administrative Sciences (MCA), and Innovation and Business Entrepreneurship (MIEN) at the Faculty of Administration. He has also taught in the Doctoral Program in Educational Systems and Environments at the Faculty of Education at the Universidad Veracruzana. In private universities, he has served as an academic in master's and doctoral programs in the states of Veracruz, Sonora, and Puebla.

He has collaborated with three research groups: three at the institutional level, eight national, and two international. Fourteen projects have emerged from these groups. Twelve have been completed, and two are currently underway. He is a member of the consolidated academic body "Innovations in Teaching, Research, and Outreach in Educational Institutions," cultivating the Line of Knowledge Generation and Application (LGAC) "Research, Design, and Evaluation of Learning Processes and Environments through Continuous Innovation," affiliated with the Faculty of Business and Technology at the Universidad Veracruzana. His work as a thesis advisor has resulted in the supervision of 122 theses at the undergraduate, master's, and doctoral levels.

He has taught at the undergraduate level in the educational programs of: Administrative Computer Systems (LSCA), Administration (LA), International Logistics and Customs (LINA), Information Technologies in Organizations (TIOR) and Engineering in Systems and Information Technologies (ISTI). 

The undergraduate level courses are related to Software Testing Techniques, Integrated Information Systems, Computer Center Management, Information Systems for Networks, Information Systems Project Management, Information Technology Management, Integrated Solutions in Organizations, Project Management and Evaluation, Databases, Research Methodology, Decision Support Systems, Information Applied to Management, Fundamentals of Management, Research Seminar, Modeling of Logistics Information Systems, Reception Experience, Digital Transformation, Digital Marketing, Project Management, Data Analysis and Database Management Systems. 

The Master's in Quality Management offers courses on Research Methodology and Research Project Seminars. The Master's in Management Sciences offers courses on Epistemology, Research Methodology, Research Seminars, Academic Events, and Thesis Development. The Master's in Innovation and Business Entrepreneurship offers courses on Project Reconciliation Workshops. 

At the Doctoral level on Systems Modeling and Administrative Control, Research Tutoring (From I to VI), Research Seminar III, Dissemination of Knowledge (I, II and III).

He has served as an external reviewer for articles in the journals Comunicar (indexed in JCR and SCOPUS – Spain), Formación Universitaria (indexed in SCOPUS – Chile), Información Tecnológica (indexed in SCOPUS – Chile), Psicodidáctica (indexed in SCOPUS – Spain), Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa (indexed in CONACYT – Mexico), Revista de Innovación Educativa Apertura (indexed in CONACYT – Mexico), Investigación y Ciencia (UAG – Mexico), Perfiles Educativos (UNAM – Mexico), Revista de Ingeniería UdeA (Colombia), Universo Tecnológica (UAN – Mexico), Ciencia (UAT – Mexico), Perspectiva Educacional (Chile), In Vestigium Ire (Colombia), Praxis (Colombia), Pretium Revista de Economía, Negocios y Finanzas (USA), Actualidades Investigativas en Educación (Costa Rica), Asian Social Science Journal (Canada), and Journal of Information Technology Research (Canada), Revista Universidad Cristóbal Colón (Mexico), Revista Perspectiva Educacional Pontificia Universidad Católica (Chile), among others.

He has also participated as a reviewer of articles at international conferences in the United States (CISCI 2008; SIECI from 2008 to 2021), and at the annual international research conferences organized by the Postgraduate Program of the Faculty of Administration and Accounting at UNAM (2007, 2008, and 2009). He has also participated in the Ibero-American Symposium on Computer Programming (2019), the XXXIII International Symposium of the Mexican Computer Society (SOMECE) in 2020, and the BUAP International Conference on Educational Systems and Environments (2020).

In addition, she participated in the evaluation process for the Congress of the Mexican Council for Educational Research (COMIE) from 2011 to 2021. She also participated in the Joint International Conference on Technology and Learning organized by CIATA.org from 2017 to 2021. Since 2012, she has been a member of the CONACYT Registry of Accredited Evaluators (RCEA). She has been a member of the Editorial Board of the Universidad Veracruzana since 2018. She is a member of the external review committee for international journals indexed in JCR and SCOPUS, such as the journal Comunicar.

He has been a member of various national and international associations: University Network of Virtual Campuses (RUCV), Association of Science, Education and Technology (TASET), Mexican Council of Educational Research (COMIE), Mexican Society of Computing in Education, AC (SOMECE), Mexican Network of Researchers in Organizational Studies (REMINEO), International Association for Management of Technology (IAMOT), Latin-Ibero-American Association of Technological Management (ALTEC).

He has published 8 books and 88 book chapters in print and/or electronic format. He has also published 87 scientific articles in international journals. In addition, he has presented 131 extended papers at international conferences. He has published in the following countries: United States, Spain, Germany, France, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Lithuania, Turkey, China, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, and Mexico.

His line of research is related to the development of skills that promote learning through Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in areas such as: Digital Competence, Digital Citizenship Competence, Digital Research Competence at various educational levels.

Carlos Torres Real, Universidad Veracruzana

A graduate of the Bachelor's Degree in Pedagogy from the Universidad Veracruzana, where he earned a 9.95 GPA. He completed teaching and research internships in elementary, middle, and high schools, as well as at the university level, where he led workshops and sample classes. A graduate of the Bachelor's Degree in Digital Marketing from the Universidad de Guadalajara, where he earned a 9.93 GPA. He completed his community service as a Peer Tutor at UDGVirtual and designed a Digital Marketing Plan for a startup project in eight Project courses.


He completed and passed the Job Training: Community Hygiene and Health course at the Veracruz Evening High School. In her professional internships, she has worked as a Community Manager and Continuing Education Assistant at the Continuing Education Liaison Office of the Faculty of Pedagogy, Veracruz Region, of the Veracruzana University.

He has taken diplomas, courses and micro-courses related to digital marketing, social media marketing, online education, soft skills, digital competencies, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, emerging technologies, personal productivity, communication, time management, leadership, entrepreneurship, financial education, Office suite, equality, diversity and education for peace.
He has received the Artificial Intelligence - University of Guadalajara badges, Meta Certified Digital Marketing Associate, Meta Social Media Marketing Professional Certificate, Google Digital Marketing and E-Commerce Professional Certificate and English for IT 1. He obtained the Meta Social Media Marketing Professional Certificate, the Google Digital Marketing & E-commerce Professional Certificate and the Agile Leadership Specialized Program Certificate from the University of Colorado System.
He passed the Exaver 1 Level A2 English Language Certification Exam from the University of Veracruz with a grade of C, obtained 14/15 shields in the Cambridge Young Learners English (YLE) Starters, the diploma of the specialty in English from the SEP and Level B1 (530 pts.) in the TOEFL ITP Certification Exam.
He participated with the presentations “Education as a means of liberation of the subject according to Paulo Freire” and “Adaptation and learning of the students of the Veracruzana University to the virtual modality during the COVID-19 pandemic” in the 21st National Meeting of Students of Pedagogy and Educational Sciences.
He has published the article “Paulo Freire and his contributions to education. A documentary analysis of his pedagogical conceptions” in the journal Voces de la Educación; the article “Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Assessment of Academic Performance in University Students” in the journal Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar; and the article “Validation of a scale on the perception of Artificial Intelligence in higher education” in the journal Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar.

References

[1] R. U. Azad. et al., “Investigating students’ awareness of online privacy and cybersecurity: an empirical study with effective cybersecurity training framework”, Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, enero 2025.

[2] H. L. López. et al., “Percepción de la ciberseguridad entre estudiantes universitarios en entornos digitales: Un estudio en la Facultad de Informática Mazatlán”, Revista De Tecnología E Innovación En Educación Superior, no. 11, pp. 72–95, diciembre 2024.

[3] R. V. Roque y C. M. Juárez, “Concientización y capacitación para incrementar la seguridad informática en estudiantes universitarios”, Paakat: Revista de Tecnología y Sociedad, no. 14, pp. 1-13, agosto 2018.

[4] H. Guo y H. Tinmaz, “A survey on college students’ cybersecurity awareness and education from the perspective of China”, Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 351-367, octubre 2023.

[5] A. R. Nogueira. et al., “Fator humano na segurança da informação: um mapeamento dos comportamentos de risco no ambiente digital”, Texto libre, vol. 17, pp. 1-17, agosto 2024.

[6] B. Castillejos. et al., “La seguridad en las competencias digitales de los millennials”, Apertura, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 54-69, octubre 2016.

[7] K. Jenab y S. Moslehpour, “Cyber Security Management: A Review”, Business Management Dynamics, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 16-39, mayo 2016.

[8] V. Stanciu y A. Tinca, “Students’ awareness on information security between own perception and reality – an empirical study”, Accounting and Management Information Systems, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 112-130, marzo 2016.

[9] M. M. Griffin y T. D. Steinbrecher, “Large-Scale Datasets in Special Education Research” en International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities, vol. 45. Nashville: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 351-367.

[10] R. B. Kline, “Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling”, 4a. ed. New York: The Guilford Press, 2016.

[11] R. F. DeVellis, “Scale Development. Theory and Applications”. New York: SAGE Publications, 2012.

[12] B. B. Byrne, “Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS”, 2a. ed. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2010.

[13] M. Á. Cea, “Análisis multivariable. Teoría y práctica en la investigación social”. Madrid: Síntesis, 2004.

[14] T. A. Brown, “Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research”, 2a. ed. New York: The Guilford Press, 2015.

[15] D. Hooper. et al., “Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit”, Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 53-60, enero 2008.

[16] L. Hu y P. M. Bentler, “Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives”, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-55, noviembre 1999.

How to Cite

IEEE

[1]
C. A. Torres Gastelú and C. Torres Real, “Validación Escala Sobre Seguridad Y Privacidad Digital Para Universitarios”, Rev. Vínculos, vol. 22, no. 2, May 2026.

ACM

[1]
Torres Gastelú, C.A. and Torres Real, C. 2026. Validación Escala Sobre Seguridad Y Privacidad Digital Para Universitarios. Revista Vínculos. 22, 2 (May 2026).

ACS

(1)
Torres Gastelú, C. A.; Torres Real, C. Validación Escala Sobre Seguridad Y Privacidad Digital Para Universitarios. Rev. Vínculos 2026, 22.

APA

Torres Gastelú, C. A., and Torres Real, C. (2026). Validación Escala Sobre Seguridad Y Privacidad Digital Para Universitarios. Revista Vínculos, 22(2). https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/vinculos/article/view/24596

ABNT

TORRES GASTELÚ, Carlos Arturo; TORRES REAL, Carlos. Validación Escala Sobre Seguridad Y Privacidad Digital Para Universitarios. Revista Vínculos, [S. l.], v. 22, n. 2, 2026. Disponível em: https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/vinculos/article/view/24596. Acesso em: 23 may. 2026.

Chicago

Torres Gastelú, Carlos Arturo, and Carlos Torres Real. 2026. “Validación Escala Sobre Seguridad Y Privacidad Digital Para Universitarios”. Revista Vínculos 22 (2). https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/vinculos/article/view/24596.

Harvard

Torres Gastelú, C. A. and Torres Real, C. (2026) “Validación Escala Sobre Seguridad Y Privacidad Digital Para Universitarios”, Revista Vínculos, 22(2). Available at: https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/vinculos/article/view/24596 (Accessed: 23 May 2026).

MLA

Torres Gastelú, Carlos Arturo, and Carlos Torres Real. “Validación Escala Sobre Seguridad Y Privacidad Digital Para Universitarios”. Revista Vínculos, vol. 22, no. 2, May 2026, https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/vinculos/article/view/24596.

Turabian

Torres Gastelú, Carlos Arturo, and Carlos Torres Real. “Validación Escala Sobre Seguridad Y Privacidad Digital Para Universitarios”. Revista Vínculos 22, no. 2 (May 18, 2026). Accessed May 23, 2026. https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/vinculos/article/view/24596.

Vancouver

1.
Torres Gastelú CA, Torres Real C. Validación Escala Sobre Seguridad Y Privacidad Digital Para Universitarios. Rev. Vínculos [Internet]. 2026 May 18 [cited 2026 May 23];22(2). Available from: https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/vinculos/article/view/24596

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