
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14483/23448393.19867Published:
2023-10-19Issue:
Vol. 28 No. 3 (2023): September-DecemberSection:
Mechanical EngineeringStudy Of the Effect of Titanium Additions on The Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of AISI 316 Powder Metallurgical Steel
Estudio del efecto de adiciones de titanio en las propiedades mecánicas y de corrosión del acero pulvimetalúrgico AISI 316
Keywords:
pulvimetalurgia, sensitización, estabilización, sinterización, aceros inoxidables austeníticos (es).Keywords:
powder metallurgy, sensitization, stabilization, sintering, austenitic stainless steels (en).Downloads
Abstract (en)
Context: Powder metallurgy uses metallic and/or non-metallic powders that, through mixing, compacting, and sintering operations, allow obtaining large series of products. In austenitic stainless steels, Cr23C6-type carbides can precipitate at temperatures between 450 and 950 °C. When this occurs, the steel is susceptible to being attacked at its grain boundaries by a phenomenon called sensitization. Titanium is added as a ‘stabilizer’ because it has a greater affinity with carbon for the formation of species at a temperature of approximately 900 ºC, and, during cooling, it consumes the carbon forming MC-type carbides, inhibiting the precipitation of Cr23C6.
Method: The composition and morphology of the powders were characterized, leading to the formulation of an alloy matrix consisting of a mixture of AISI 316 steel powders of two different particle-size distributions in a proportion that produced the highest density and the lowest porosity in the sintered material. Titanium was added at two levels (0,4 and 1,0 wt%), and sintering was carried out with nitrogen. The corrosion rate was determined by potentiodynamic polarization. Vickers hardness and pin-on-disk wear tests were performed. The stages were complemented with a microstructural analysis.
Results: The addition of 0,4 wt% of titanium decreased the steel’s rate of corrosion, albeit in the absence of passivation. The microstructure consists of austenite, ferrite, and TiC precipitates. The addition of 1,0 wt%Ti showed an increase in the corrosion rate, with a microstructure containing austenite, ferrite, TiC carbides, and the Laves ɳ-Fe2Ti phase.
Conclusions: The results were compared against thermodynamic simulations in the Thermo-Calc software, which were consistent with the microstructural analysis, showing the phenomena of stabilization as well as the precipitation of intermetallic phases and highlighting the importance of establishing strict controls in the formulation of powder metallurgical alloys due to the transformations that can take place due to the effect of the thermal cycles of the process.
Abstract (es)
Contexto: La pulvimetalurgia utiliza polvos metálicos y/o no metálicos que, mediante operaciones de mezcla, compactación y sinterización, permiten obtener grandes series de productos. En los aceros inoxidables austeníticos, los carburos de tipo Cr23C6 pueden precipitar a temperaturas entre 450 y 950 °C. Cuando esto ocurre, el acero es susceptible de ser atacado en sus límites de grano por el fenómeno denominado sensitización. El titanio se agrega como ‘estabilizador’ porque tiene mayor afinidad con el carbono para la formación de especies a una temperatura de aproximadamente 900 ºC y, durante el enfriamiento, consume el carbono formando carburos tipo MC, inhibiendo la precipitación de Cr23C6.
Método: Se caracterizó la composición y morfología de los polvos, lo que condujo a la formulación de una matriz de aleación compuesta por una mezcla de polvos de acero AISI 316 de dos granulometrías diferentes en una proporción que produjo la mayor densidad y la menor porosidad del material sinterizado. Se añadió titanio en dos niveles (0,4 y 1,0 % en peso) y se sinterizó con nitrógeno. La velocidad de corrosión se determinó por polarización potenciodinámica. Se realizaron pruebas de dureza Vickers y de desgaste pin-on-disk. Las etapas se complementaron con un análisis microestructural.
Resultados: La adición de 0,4 % en peso de titanio disminuyó la velocidad de corrosión del acero, si bien en ausencia de pasivación. La microestructura consiste en precipitados de austenita, ferrita y TiC. La adición de 1,0 % en peso de Ti mostró un aumento en la velocidad de corrosión, con una microestructura que contenía austenita, ferrita, carburos de TiC y la fase Laves ɳ-Fe2Ti.
Conclusiones: Los resultados fueron comparados con simulaciones termodinámicas del software Thermo-Calc, consistentes con el análisis microestructural, mostrando los fenómenos de estabilización y la precipitación de fases intermetálicas, y destacando la importancia de establecer un control estricto en la formulación de aleaciones pulvimetalúrgicas debido a las transformaciones que pueden generarse por efecto de los ciclos térmicos del proceso.
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